Drilling Into Faults

Boring Into Faults Geologists are setting out to go where they once could just fantasy about going-right to the spots where quakes really occur. Three tasks have brought us into the seismogenic zone. As one report put it, anticipates like these put us at the slope of quantum progresses in the study of seismic tremor dangers. Penetrating the San Andreas Fault at Depth The first of these penetrating undertakings made a borehole close to the San Andreas issue close Parkfield, California, at a profundity of around 3 kilometers. The venture is known as the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth or SAFOD, and its piece of the a lot bigger examination exertion EarthScope. Penetrating started in 2004 with a vertical opening going down 1500 meters at that point bending toward the issue zone. The 2005 work season broadened this inclining opening right over the deficiency, and was trailed by two years of checking. In 2007 drillers made four separate side openings, all on the close to side of the issue, that are outfitted with a wide range of sensors. The science of liquids, microearthquakes, temperatures and more are being recorded for the following 20 years. While boring these side gaps, center examples of flawless stone were taken that cross the dynamic issue zone giving enticing proof of the procedures there. Researchers kept up a site with every day bulletins,â and in the event that you read it youll see a portion of the challenges of this sort of work. SAFOD was painstakingly positioned at an underground area where customary arrangements of little seismic tremors have been occurring. Much the same as the most recent 20 years of quake research at Parkfield, SAFOD is focused on a piece of the San Andreas shortcoming zone where the geography is by all accounts less difficult and the deficiencies conduct more sensible than somewhere else. In fact, the entire shortcoming is viewed as simpler to concentrate than most in light of the fact that it has a straightforward hit slip structure with a shallow base, at around 20 km profundity. As issues go, it is a fairly honest lace of action with very much mapped shakes on either side. All things considered, point by point maps of the surface show a knot of related shortcomings. The mapped rocks incorporate structural splinters that have been traded to and fro over the shortcoming during its many kilometers of balance. The examples of seismic tremors at Parkfield have not been as ordinary or straightforward as geologists had trusted, either; in any case SAFOD is our best look so far at the support of quakes. The Nankai Trough Subduction Zone From a worldwide perspective the San Andreas deficiency, even as long and dynamic as it may be, isn't the most critical sort of seismic zone. Subduction zones claim that reward for three reasons: Â They are answerable for all the biggest, size 8 and 9 tremors we have recorded, for example, the Sumatra shake of December 2004 and the Japan seismic tremor of March 2011.Because they are consistently under the sea, subduction-zone quakes will in general trigger tsunamis.Subduction zones are the place lithospheric plates push toward and underneath different plates, on their way into the mantle where they offer ascent to the greater part of the universes volcanoes. So there are convincing motivations to become familiar with these flaws (in addition to a lot increasingly logical reasons), and boring into one is simply inside the best in class. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Project is doing that with another cutting edge drillship off the bank of Japan. The Seismogenic Zone Experiment, or SEIZE, is a three-stage program that will quantify the information sources and yields of the subduction zone where the Philippine plate meets Japan in the Nankai Trough. This is a shallower channel than most subduction zones, making it simpler for boring. The Japanese have a long and exact history of tremors on this subduction zone, and the site is just a days transport travel away from land. All things considered, in the troublesome conditions anticipated the boring will require a riser-an external channel from the boat to the ocean bottom to forestall victories thus that the exertion can continue utilizing penetrating mud rather than seawater, as past boring has utilized. The Japanese have assembled a fresh out of the plastic new drillship, Chikyu (Earth) that can carry out the responsibility, arriving at 6 kilometers underneath the ocean bottom. One inquiry the undertaking will look to answer is the thing that physical changes go with the seismic tremor cycle on subduction deficiencies. Another is the thing that occurs in the shallow locale where delicate dregs blurs into weak stone, the limit between delicate distortion and seismic interruption. There are places ashore where this piece of subduction zones is presented to geologists, so results from the Nankai Trough will be intriguing. Penetrating started in 2007.â Penetrating New Zealands Alpine Fault The Alpine issue, on New Zealands South Island, is a huge diagonal pushed deficiency that causes greatness 7.9 seismic tremors at regular intervals. One intriguing component of the flaw is that energetic elevate and disintegration have perfectly uncovered a thick cross-area of the hull that gives new examples of the profound deficiency surface. The Deep Fault Drilling Project, a coordinated effort of New Zealand and European foundations, is punching centers over the Alpine flaw by penetrating straight down. The initial segment of the undertaking prevailing with regards to infiltrating and coring the shortcoming twice only 150 meters beneath the ground in January 2011 at that point instrumenting the gaps. A more profound gap is arranged close to the Whataroa River in 2014 that will go down 1500 meters. An open wiki serves past and progressing information from the task.

The Vietnamese American 1.5 generation Stories of war, Revolution, Flig

At the point when we talk about the Vietnamese, a great many people will think them as exiles on account of their history. The book â€Å"The Vietnamese American 1.5 age Stories of war, Revolution, Flight, and New Beginnings† by Sucheng Chan portrayed the historical backdrop of Vietnam; the Vietnamese refugees’ encounters and sufferings they had experienced while on vessel to leave Vietnam, and their settlements outside of Vietnam. The Vietnamese as displaced people who had experienced numerous hardships while disappearing to different nations. Vietnam needed to battle for its autonomy from Japan and French. It made them endured more when they needed to battle against their own kin during the Civil War. By attempting to pronounce its autonomy, Ho Chi Minh began the upheaval in the North to battle with intruders, and battled with the South individuals who was upheld by the United States to at long last assumed control over the South and make Vietnam a Communist express; this common war caused numerous Vietnamese endured in light of the fact that they needed to battle with their own kin in the war and turned into the displaced people to leave Vietnam to look for opportunities after the Fall of Saigon. The book is isolated into two segments. The main segment is about the historical backdrop of Vietnam and the Vietnamese refugees’ encounters and various reasons they travel to America or different nations. In the early time of the history, Vietnam was affected by China that the ruler was in charge of administering the traditions. The French went to Vietnam in 1614 to attempt to colonize and develop the Vietnamese to advance Catholicism. French constrained Vietnam to sign The Treaty of Saigon in 1862 to surrender Saigon to French. Under French’s control and concealment, the Vietnamese needed to begin the development of hostile to French and proclaim its autonomy. To fig... ...ch separations in school on the grounds that China’s power is expanding. Dislike Vietnam in 1970s, it has been 30 years after I came here in light of the fact that a great deal of things are diverse these days. As evacuees in America, Vietnamese experienced numerous troubles receiving the American culture. They originated from Asia where there is finished distinctive culture from the United States. They needed to change their ways of life and accept. So as to fit into the American culture, they need to begin everything recently again and plentiful all that they had in Vietnam. They were all the while being separated at despite the fact that they attempted to acclimatize completely. They didn't need to encounter this if there were no wars in Vietnam. The war just gave them enduring and that's it. Particularly, when there is a Civil War when individuals need to battle with their own kin. In this manner, harmony is essential to individuals.

Op Ed Essay Topics

Op Ed Essay TopicsOp Ed Essay Topics is all around us - from the presidential debates to events that are planned for our television screens. Some of these topics are intended to simply be provocative and we get a shock at the end when they have no effect whatsoever. Some, on the other hand, prove extremely profitable for those who are proposing them.Those who write their own Op Ed essays have to have their topic viable and workable. If it is too vague, it will not get people's attention and might not even have any chance of becoming a reality. Too much hype can get people off track and lose them their interest in whatever it is they were just talking about. For instance, if you suggested that the ice age was about to take place because of man's greediness, the people wouldn't see it that way and therefore, you would lose them.Another problem with the subject is that it needs to address something that is specific to an audience needs. It has to address some sort of demographic in orde r to become a success. Consider that an example, and then remember the way you would do it if you wrote your own Op Ed essay.Take a look at the works of those who write excellent Op Ed essay topics. See how they use the facts to make a good point. See how they present their points logically and you will see how effective they are.A good reason to ensure that you have clear ideas when you write an Op Ed essay is that you need to be able to back up what you are saying. In other words, you don't want to lie to the people that read your paper. You want to make sure that you are correct, but also make sure that you are able to defend your position or move an argument that has been brought up by the other side.If you want to get your topic picked up by the editors of the magazines that you are writing for, then you need to show that you have skill. People will always want to read good information and they are willing to pay good money for good information. If you get a little extra, then you can produce an advertising campaign that will allow you to earn a living writing for others.Make sure that your topic has not been published before. This will help it stick in the minds of those who read it. There is no benefit to an op ed topic that has already been read once.As far as getting your own paper published goes, it is not necessarily easy. It requires work and you will not always get the results that you want.

The Catcher In The Rye by J. D. Salinger and Looking For...

Throughout history, authors of young adult literature are oftentimes forced to incorporate the perils of young adulthood into their plots, characters, and conflicts. Growing up in America is an experience unlike no other. Today, American young adults are part of a large generation called the Millenials, who are considered the most educated in American history. They are more open minded, progressive, successful, and technological. However, it is not all sunshine and rainbows for these young Americans who oftentimes have outstanding debt and job prospects that are unacceptably dim. In multiple ways, the reality for a young Millenial in America parallels the life of a young adult born during the Silent Generation, a generation characterized†¦show more content†¦Holden has an internal struggle with his emotions and his perspective of the real world. Holden views the world around him as a faà §ade. Throughout the novel, he repeatedly refers to the people in his world as â€Å"p honies.† Holden isolates himself from the rest of the world and, oftentimes, his thoughts are full of self-hatred. In Holden’s narrative, he discusses the death of his brother Allie many times and it becomes clear to the reader that one of the biggest causes of Holden’s estranged views of the world is his inability to deal with his brother’s demise. While Holden doesn’t necessarily blame himself, he regrets not spending time with his brother. He says: â€Å"I started talking, sort of out loud, to Allie. I do that sometimes when I get very depressed. I keep telling him to go home and get his bike and meet me in front of Bobby Fallon’s house †¦ Allie heard us talking about [going to shoot BB guns at Lake Sedebego], and he wanted to go, and I wouldn’t let him. I told him he was a child. So once in a while, now, when I get very depressed, I keep saying to him, ‘Okay, go get your bike and meet me in front of Bobby’s house. Hurry up’† (Salinger, 99). Holden projects his frustration about his brother’s death on the world as a way of expressing his sadness and loneliness. The second half of John Green’s soul-searching tale, Looking ForShow MoreRelatedLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesmore loosely used to describe coming-of-age films and related works in other genres. Examples[edit] Precursors[edit] Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, by Ibn Tufail (12th century)[18] Parzival, by Wolfram von Eschenbach (early 13th century) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (late 14th century) Lazarillo de Tormes (1554)[19] 17th century[edit] Simplicius Simplicissimus, by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen (1668) The Adventures of Telemachus, by Franà §ois Fà ©nelon (1699) 18th century[edit] The History of

Youth Unemployment In India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3794 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Human Resourses Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: India Essay Job Essay Did you like this example? YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT â€Å"A man willing to work, and unable to find work, is perhaps the saddest sight that fortune’s inequality exhibits under the sun. † â€Å"You take my life when you take the means whereby I live. † These observations by Thomas Carlyle and William Shakespeare respectively reflect what youth unemployment means to me. As I reflect on youth unemployment, several thoughts and examples cross my mind. Here are a few: Almost every week one reads in newspapers in India, my country, about farmers committing suicide due to a high level of indebtedness on the one hand and lack of farm unemployment on the other. Many are in their youth. There was a very touching story about a young man who lost his job due to the global meltdown. He did not have the heart to tell his family, friends or neighbors about the sad development. He would therefore, leave his home everyday at the normal time in the morning with his brief case, spend the day in a garden and return in the evening. There is an increasing number of young patients visiting psychiatrists for clinical depression caused by unemployment. In recent times, many college graduates have volunteered to work absolutely free in private companies. Their objective, in the absence of a paying job, is to get some experience and add to their resumes so that when the opportunities of paying jobs arise, they have a better chance than others. Youth unemployment is an area of very serious concern to South Asia, India (which is the largest country in South Asia) and to me and my generation. The impact of unemployment among the young is described here in the first part of this essay. GDP Impact: It is an established economic reality that the size of the workforce directly impacts a country’s GDP. Not only does the work force produce manufactured goods or services or agricultural produce in direct proportion, but also brings in its wake increasing purchasing power, which in tur n, fuels economic growth. Thus unemployment contributes to a reduction in the potential which exists in spurring a country’s GDP. Psychological effect: George Bernard Shaw wrote, â€Å"A man who has no office to go to- I don’t care who he is- is a trial of which you can have no conception. † Young men and women, who have put in a decade or two in schools and colleges, have dreams and aspirations. These are dreams of securing satisfying jobs following their years of struggle, meeting basic necessities of life (food, clothing, shelter and healthcare), graduating to a life of comfort and dignity and, eventually, enjoying the luxuries of life. The trauma of seeing their dreams shattered week after week, month after month, can and does lead to deep psychological scars that are very difficult to face at such a young age. These can impact any individual’s self esteem and can lead to clinical depression, as â€Å"mind unemployed is mind un-joyed†. Chris tian Nevell Bovee) Family Support: In a country like India, where the retirement age is low and there is no social security net, very often a family depends on a son or a daughter graduating from school or college to take up employment in order to support the entire family. When that does not happen, the financial woes are unimaginably sorrowful. Social impact: With growing youth unemployment, the divide between the rich and the poor grows, resulting in social tensions which could affect the entire fabric of a community, province or community. Law and order: It has been established that educated unemployed are likely to take to crime- blue collar or white collar crimes- more easily than others. This arises out of the theory that they would have, at some stage of their careers, seen good life, even from a distance, and formed their dreams based thereon. When they fail to see these dreams turn into reality, some turn to crime. Social Ills: Youth unemployment also leads to other soc ial ills such as addiction to alcoholism, tobacco and harmful drugs, battering of wives and children. These are the outlets to vent frustration caused by unemployment. Effect on health: It is equally easy to visualize that lack of steady income could, apart from the above ills, also lead to inadequate nutrition and adversely affect health of the youth and their families. Political instability: When unemployment grows in a community, dissatisfaction with the incumbent Government follows. This, in turn, leads to frequent changes in Governments or formation of unsteady coalitions. Neither is healthy for long term stable economic policies and this situation could lead to a vicious circle of political changes. As President Franklin D. Roosevelt had stated, Not only our future economic soundness but the very soundness of our democratic institutions depends on the determination of our government to give employment to idle men. Youth unemployment (as also underemployment) therefore m eans to me, â€Å"the saddest sight that fortune’s inequality exhibits under the sun†, as stated at the beginning of this essay. Causes: Before discussing my solution and approach to reduce youth unemployment and under employment, it is necessary to explain the causes which have led to such an alarming situation in India in particular and globally in general. The growth in population has obviously outpaced the creation of new job opportunities. While countries such as India and China are now growing at close to or above double digit figures annually, this was not the case in the not-too-distant past, when growth rates of the economies and of the population were both comparable, at around 3% per annum. This is still the case in some countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, it is necessary to realize that the growth rates for new jobs are much lower than the GDP rates for a variety of reasons. GDP growth is driven by growth in Agriculture, Manufacturing and Services . Developing countries, such as India and China, have shifted their growth focus from Agriculture (which has the highest job creation potential) to Manufacturing and now to Services. While this leads to impressive growth rates in GDP, job creation lags behind. Another reason for the mismatch between growth in GDP and in unemployment opportunities is increased focus on automation. While some Governments in developing countries do emphasize the need for employment-oriented technologies, entrepreneurs generally prefer automation, especially if the economic trade off is in its favor. Growing concern about labor productivity, accuracy, speed, responsibility, quality, consistency, labor unrest and indiscipline began the march towards automation. This was further accentuated by growth in sizes. For example, farms of one acre in size were not ideal for tractors and hence used men and animals. However, as farm sizes grew, tractors took their place, displacing both. Similar is the case of robotics in the manufacture of cars or air conditioners or other appliances. This shift in technology has been detrimental to creation of job opportunities. The number of jobs per car produced has dropped dramatically over the years. The advent of computers, especially PCs and laptops, with unimaginable processing speeds and memories, has struck another blow to job opportunities. For example, just four decades ago, millions of company share certificates of investors globally were handled manually and so were payment of dividends, bank transfers, airline tickets, reservations and payment of utility bills. All this is now fully computerized and has eliminated millions of potential jobs. The reason for citing these examples is not to criticize new technologies and automationthese are inevitable and in the overall interest of the global economic progress. However, it is necessary to realize this shift and this reality before exploring options to reduce unemployment. As Presiden t John F. Kennedy had mentioned, â€Å"We believe that if men have the talent to invent new machines, that put men out of work, they have the talent to put those men back to work. † Another major reason for youth unemployment is the mismatch between educational curricula and the skills levels expected from new entrants. In many countries, Governments do not play an active role in bridging this divide, nor does Academia on the one hand and industry on the other. Schools, colleges and universities continue to educate young students year after year without realizing that their readiness to â€Å"hit the ground running† in the industrial sector is woefully lacking. In many cases they not only need retraining but often even unlearning to be appropriately groomed for their industrial careers. There is also a perception that several jobs need prior experience of many years and this is another reason why youth is not given the consideration it deserves. Will passengers trus t a pilot in his mid-20s to fly them through turbulent weather or will they prefer a seasoned pilot in his 40s? Will a bank manager like to finance a young graduate out of college for a new venture or an experienced entrepreneur with a track record of two decades? The same considerations apply when a person looks for a tutor for his/her child. This bias against youth is further accentuated by the fact that many countries do not have a retirement age. With health consciousness, improved health care and longevity, there are many who continue to be in the active work force until they reach 70 (and even beyond). This limits the turnover in job opportunities and as the demographic profile shifts to youth, the imbalance ecomes glaring during the transition period. Yet another major reason for youth unemployment is the rural –urban divide. For a variety of social reasons, such as availability of school and college systems, perceived job opportunities and the glamour attached to c ities, youth tend to migrate from rural areas to urban ones, eventually leading to a substantial mismatch between job opportunities and the available candidates. It is somewhat reassuring to know that against these major reasons for youth unemployment and underemployment, there are some redeeming developments. There are various service sector opportunities where youth are preferred due to their energy levels, enthusiasm, willingness to learn, lower financial expectations and long term aspirations. For example, in the hospitality and transportation sectors, there is a distinct shift in the age profiles and one sees cabin crews, hotel receptionists, call centre agents, computer programmers and administrative assistants who are fresh out of colleges, bringing a new level of enthusiasm to their jobs. Approach: The approach that I have chosen addresses some of the basic causes of youth unemployment that have been described above. The area chosen by me (described later in this essay ) does not need any significant level of college education- the skill set needed can be imparted to a school or college graduate in a few weeks. Experience, though helpful, is not necessary. Nor is urban or rural location, since the industry can be location-agnostic to some extent. Moreover, the level of automation is also not significant and can vary depending on the level of comfort of the entrepreneurs. The industry selected is Food Processing and the approach is entrepreneurship. Before describing the project and its success in creating hundreds of entrepreneurs and thousands of job opportunities in a locational area, it would be pertinent to present an overview of the Food Processing sector in India and the opportunities that await new entrants. Food Processing in India: India is a major producer of fruits and vegetables-regionally and globally. It accounts for 51 million tonnes of fruit against the global production of 500 million tonnes annually, being second only to China . Similarly, it grows 72 million tonnes per year of vegetables out of 890 million tonnes worldwide and ranks second in the world. Thus there is an enormous base of fruits and vegetables. With growing consciousness about the contribution to good health and with a substantial part of the population preferring vegetarian diet, fruits and vegetables play an important role in the daily menu. India dominates in certain fruits. It occupies the first rank in Bananas (22 million tonnes, being 24% of world production) and in Mangoes (13 million tones, 40% of global production). Apples, Pineapples, Grapes, Lemons, Guavas, Oranges and Papayas are some of the other fruits that are harvested in India. Major vegetable crops include Potatoes, Tomatoes, Onions, Cabbage and Beans. India, being a vast country, has varying soils, climactic conditions (sub tropical to Mediterranean to cold) and irrigation levels. Thus it provides opportunities to cultivate a wide range of fruits, vegetables, food grains (such as wheat, rice and cereals) and spices. Moreover, with a coastline of 6000 km (3600 miles), there are huge opportunities in fresh fish and sea foods which also need processing to avoid waste and spoilage. About 490 million poultry, 185 million cattle and 124 million goats form part of the livestock census. While the production of fresh fruits and vegetables is indeed impressive, India lags behind other countries in value addition to these agricultural crops, by way of processing of fresh produce. Although there is enormous potential for processed fruits and vegetables, only 2% of them are processed and the rest are either consumed as fresh produce or are vulnerable to spoilage. As against this low level of processing, the US and Brazil process 65% and 70 % of their fruits and vegetables respectively. Even a developing country such as Malaysia converts 70% of its produce into value added processed foods. Here lies the opportunity for Indian youth. With change in de mographics, the youth’s preferences for processed foods, export opportunities in the region, increasing presence of women in the work force who do not have the time or the inclination to cook everyday, and higher disposable income within the 400 million middle class, there is a growing demand for a wide range of processed fruits and vegetables-pulps, juices, concentrates, jams, jellies, marmalades, syrups and squash. They also find application in other processed foods such as ice creams, cakes, yogurts, muffins, candies, breads, cookies, soup mixes, breakfast cereals, pastas, wines and noodles. Besides, there is a growing demand for newer categories of foods, such as health foods, nutraceuticals and supplements for special dietary needs. This is thus an enormous opportunity which my project tries to build on in order to solve multiple problems and to convert a liability into an asset. Why is it a liability? Fresh fruits and vegetables need preservation or quick utilization to avoid spoilage. This means expensive infrastructure- refrigerators, vans, quality roads and rail systems, cold storages at the warehousing and retailing levels and consciousness about processing. A developing country such as India lacks these due to their high capital intensity. Consequently, almost 30% of fruits and vegetables get spoilt, for want of proper post-harvest handling. In a country where farmers are poor, most of them below the poverty line, and many in a permanent state of indebtedness, leading to several cases of suicides, this type of spoilage is obviously unaffordable. Even for the national economy, it is not only unacceptable but also a hazard to the ecology and the environment. My focus on developing entrepreneurs to convert agricultural produce into value added processed foods thus addresses all the relevant issues: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Youth unemployment and underemployment Opportunity to add value to agricultural prod uce Prevention of wastage of fruits and vegetables Low level of skill sets needed at the entry level Low entry barriers due to low capital investment Favorable environmental impact Flexibility in levels of automation There is yet another major reason that has led me to choose food processing. Here is an area where the entry level capital can be tailored as per the availability of resources. It has the capability of having micro-entrepreneurs on the one hand and the international giants such as Pepsi, Coca Cola, Cadbury (Kraft), Kellogg, Nestle and Unilever on the other. It would be relevant to cite two examples of micro entrepreneurial opportunities here. A person starts a roadside portable kiosk on a moveable cart. She sells roasted peanuts, boiled and salted peanuts, boiled potatoes and sweet potatoes and few other similar items. These are prepared fresh and are served to customers as daily snack foods. Her total investment is only $300 and her daily margin is approximately $30. The venture supports two persons- herself and her partner, who looks after the supply chain and the administrative aspects. The result: a micro-entrepreneurial venture, creating two jobs at a capital outlay of $150 per job and supporting two families. The second example: A housewife becomes a micro entrepreneur. She invests $500 in ovens, mixers and similar equipment. She employs three high school graduates-two prepare branded birthday cakes under her supervision and the third handles logistics-raw material supplies and door delivery to customers. The housewife looks after marketing and brand promotion through the internet and/or the telephone. The venture gives her an average gross margin of $120 per day which is shared among herself and her three employees. The result: A home based venture with a capital outlay of $125 per job that supports four families. Background of the project My mother is a qualified Food Technologist and she heads the Department of Food Technology in a Polytechnic. Over the years, she noticed that several of her students (who came to the Polytechnic after ten years of school studies and who go through the three year diploma program) chose to become entrepreneurs and started their own micro/small ventures. (The others took up jobs in larger food processing companies, quality control laboratories, hotels and restaurant chains). She then felt that she could develop and offer short term Entrepreneurship Development Programs (EDP) suited for those unemployed youth who had the caliber and motivation to start their own food processing ventures. Having seen the potential for food processing, as outlined above, and having had discussions with Provincial and Federal Governments, which were willing to provide grants up to 50% of total investment to micro and small entrepreneurs, she decided to form a team of multi-disciplinary experts and volunteers to develop the EDPs. In view of my accounting, financial and administrative backg round and experience, I was given the responsibility of preparing packages for financial evaluation of ventures, taking up an administrative oversight role and identifying sources of financial support form public and private sources. Our team formulated the EDP plan with strong support from each member (who also became the guest faculty for the EDPs). Project for training entrepreneurs for food processing Against the above backdrop, my team members and I launched the project for providing holistic training to potential entrepreneurs in food processing in order to create youth employment opportunities in our province. The objectives of the Entrepreneurship Development Program are as follows: †¢ Providing basic knowledge of project formulation and management, including technology and marketing †¢ Motivating the trainees and instilling confidence in them †¢ Educating them on the opportunities and financial assistance available †¢ Providing escort services to e nable them to avail of credit facilities from Banks/Financial Institutions and from developmental organizations. The typical duration of the EDP is 4 weeks. There is a follow up phase of 12 months. Each batch has 20-30 trainees. This ensures personal attention and development of individual projects, which could then have a robust chance of success. Course Content: The course content for each EDP includes the following: 1. Motivational training. 2. Opportunities available. 3. Sources of funds, including financial institutions and their schemes. 4. Market Surveys and identification of projects. . Preparation of Project Reports for Bank financing. 6. Management of resources (men, materials and money). 7. Rules and Regulations of local regulators. 8. Food Laws such as FPO/PFA/ECA/BIS. 9. Appropriate and latest machinery, including information on manufacturers. 10. Sourcing (including e-sourcing) of raw materials. 11. Factory visits and meetings with entrepreneurs. 12. Market perception, market intelligence and marketing. 13. Accounts, book keeping and financials (including taxation). 14. Presentations by industry associations on infrastructure, possible areas of concern and approaches for success. Eligibility: The admission criteria for the EDP are: (a) minimum 12 years of school education (b) Age limit of 25 years (c) High motivational level Moreover, the applicants should be unemployed or significantly under employed to be eligible for the EDP. The fees range from $ 200 to $1000 depending on the course content and duration. A significant part of this amount is reimbursed by the Provincial and Federal Governments which are committed to creating employment opportunities in food processing in India. The token contribution of the individual participants is essentially meant to ensure their commitment and seriousness. The fees are meant to cover expenses on guest faculty, residential accommodation and meals for those participants who come from outside Mumbai, p ublicity and advertising, course materials, traveling costs for factory visits, rental charges for the lecture rooms and follow up expenses. Follow up phase: The follow up phase of an EDP is as important for creating employment opportunities as the EDP itself. It involves: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Individual counseling. Assistance in identification of specific viable projects based on locally available raw material or market opportunities in the respective geographical areas of the participants. Preparation of project reports. Support in applications for financial assistance. Guidance in securing appropriate infrastructure. Project management support, including selection of appropriate equipment. Technical troubleshooting after commencement of production. Success metrics: At the end of each EDP, the participants are encouraged to provide detailed feedback, based on identified metrics, to assist in improving future programs. In addition, metrics have been identified to evaluate the efficacy of the EDPs and the follow up phase. By monitoring the ratio of successful projects to participants, we are able to ensure that the objectives of the EDPs are satisfactorily met. Progress: I am very happy to report that my team has trained 350 entrepreneurs during the last three years. With an average success rate of 80 % of ventures continuing to operate beyond their first year, and with an average primary and secondary employment level of 7 persons per venture, we believe that our team has created employment opportunities for 1,960 unemployed youth. This excludes tertiary employment of estimated 2,000 young farmers. Though this may sound modest, here is an example of a core team of 5 professionals with multi-disciplinary expertise, who, while working on other normal assignments, have been able to create livelihood for about 4,000 families within three years. Future plans Our next target is to Train the Trainers. Emboldened by the gre at success of the EDPs, we have commenced work on the trainers’ module, which would help in providing training to people with backgrounds similar to ours. They, in turn, would be expected to offer EDPs all over India, creating a tremendous scale up and multiplying opportunity. We are also in dialogue with virtual universities to offer these programs to unemployed youth through Television and Internet. This would enable us to access a wider audience, especially in rural areas of India, where lies â€Å"the Bottom of the Pyramid†, an expression used by management guru Prof. C. K. Prahlad of the University of Michigan, to describe the relatively untapped potential. Acknowledgement: The statistics on India’s food industry have been taken from the article, ‘ Nature’s fruits: Health Capsules’ by Dr. J. S. Pai, which was published in PFNDAI Bulletin, January 2009. Don’t waste time! 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Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Medicine Death and Dying

Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Medicine: Death and Dying Ethics, in medicine, is described as applying one’s morals and values to healthcare decisions (Fremgen 2012). It requires a critical-thinking approach that examines important considerations such as fairness for all patients, the impact of the decision on society and the future repercussions of the decision (Fremgen 2012). According to Fremgen (2012), bioethics concerns ethical issues discussed in the perspective of advanced medical technology. Goldman and Schafer (2012) state bioethical issues that arise in medical practice include antibiotics, dialysis, transplantation, intensive care units, issues of genetics, reproductive choices and termination of care. In clinical practice the most common issues revolve around informed consent, termination of life-sustaining treatments, euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, and conflicts of interest (Goldman, Schafer 2012). There are four basic ethical and bioethical principles that have a strong influence in the practice of medicine, predominantly medicine that deals with those who are dying. The first is beneficence, which directs the physician and health care worker to take positive actions, specifically by restoring health and relieving suffering (Bongard et al., 2008). Then there is nonmaleficence. Goldman and Schafer (2012) add that nonmaleficence is the idea that people should not be harmed or injured knowingly. The third ethical principle is autonomy,Show MoreRelatedJudaism s Views On Euthanasia2049 Words   |  9 PagesDeath is one of the most important topics that religions cope with. Since religion deals with matters of life, death, meaning and virtue, it is not shocking that, for countless people, religious convictions are the core reasoning for their outlook on euthanasia. Euthanasia is defined as the mode or act of inducing death painlessly or as a relief for pain. Although there are different components that play a part in a person’s stance on euthanasia, like empathy, suffering, constitutionalRead MoreEthics : Mandated Flu Vaccinations For Healthcare Workers1926 Words   |  8 Pagesethically obligated to be vaccinated, risking not only their employment status, but their own health and personal principles, in pursuit of â€Å"the greater good†. Ethics Most HCWs, physicians and nurses in particular, are held to and abide by the bioethical principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence. Nonmaleficence asserts the duty â€Å"to do no harm†, and beneficence is an action that is done for the benefit of others. Applied to influenza vaccination, these principles suggest that HCWs are obligatedRead MoreThe And The Competent Care2425 Words   |  10 Pagestowards the abuses and neglects in the present world. But the most challenging issue for the elder people is facing the terminal illness. 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Read MoreMedical Ethics: an Inclusice History2719 Words   |  11 PagesMedical Ethics: An Inclusive History As long as there has been some form of medical treatment in the world, there has been someone who has voiced their ethical viewpoints on the treatment of patients. It is difficult to trace back the very first ethical thinking in medicine, but Islamic and Muslim traditions have left their footprints in Medical and Bioethics since before the medieval and early modern period. The first piece of literature ever dedicated to the field of medical ethics wasRead MoreCare at the end of life2233 Words   |  9 Pagesexperience that may be more painful for the patient, family, and caregivers due to the advances in medical care. New procedures have allowed life to be extended longer than ever before. The question is: has the dying experience improved? This paper will include a review of death and dying from the perspectives of the patient and caregivers. An unfortunate case will be discussed, and the organizational structure, culture, and governance that led to this situation will be reviewed. RecommendationsRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : An Argument Of Semantics And Hypotheticals3266 Words   |  14 PagesSuicide: An Argument of Semantics and Hypotheticals Physician-assisted suicide is a prominent topic of discussion in the bioethical community. The main concerns of these discussions are the different types of euthanasia involved in physician-assisted suicide, as well as the legality of a physician’s right to aid in the death of a patient, and the patient’s right to choose death over life when there are no active treatments to forgo. The legalization of active physician-assisted suicide would coincideRead MoreHuman Values And The And Science Impact On Our Health, Lives, Society And Environment2049 Words   |  9 PagesBioethics has been used in the last 21 years to describe the investigation and study of ways in which advance in medicine and science impact upon our health, lives, society and environment. Bioethics is concerned with questions about basic human values and the rightness or wrongness of certain developments in life technology and medicine. These days when technology advancement allowed scientist to conduct test which may have â€Å"uncertain† consequences like Cloning. It’s necessary that people shouldRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia2829 Words   |  12 Pagescreating an illusion of control over death, and not acknowledging the thousands of patients murdered inappropriately. This is an interesting and a very controversial issue in today’s society. Euthanasia has negative sides, it can hurt society, and everyone needs to learn more bout it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The word Euthanasia is Greek in origin. It arrived from the prefix â€Å"eu†, meaning fear, easy, and fortunate and from the word â€Å"thanatos† meaning death. The main idea of Euthanasia is thatRead MoreBio Ethics Essay3296 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Bioethics is a very diverse and subjective issue in Buddhism that bases its self around fundamental Buddhist laws such as the five precepts, the four Noble Truths and The Noble Eightfold path. Each Buddhist variant approaches bioethics differently based on the variants primary goal, ideals or practices. However all Buddhists views of bioethics are somewhat influenced by the universal goal of Buddhism to become liberated from the constant cycle of reincarnation or samsara. In conjecture with Buddhism

The Right to Die Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Right to Die Analysis Essay The Right to DieThe word Euthanasia originated from the Greek language: eu means good and thanatos means death. Euthanasia (Greek, good death) is the practice of killing a person or animal, in a painless or minimally painful way, for merciful reasons, usually to end their suffering. However, some people define euthanasia to include both voluntary and involuntary termination of life (Humphy 12). Like so many moral/ethical/religious terms, euthanasia has many meanings. Euthanasia, in the strict sense, involves actively causing death. This is, in some cases, legal like in the Netherlands, but in few other countries. Euthanasia, in a wider sense, includes assisting someone to commit suicide, in particular physician-assisted suicide (PAS). Allowing death e.g. by not providing life support or vital medication is not considered euthanasia if it is the patients wish (Robinson). It is sometimes called passive euthanasia in cases where the patient is unable to make decisions about treatment. Living Wills and Do Not Resuscitate orders are legal instruments that make a patients treatment decisions known ahead of time; allowing a patient to die based on such decisions is never considered euthanasia. Terminal sedation is a combination of medically inducing a deep sleep and stopping other treatment, with the exception of medication for symptom control (such as analgesia). It is considered to be euthanasia by some, but under current law and medical practice it is considered a form of palliative care (Humphry 14). Advocates of euthanasia generally insist that euthanasia should be voluntary, requiring informed consent, and that it should only be used in cases of terminal illness that cause unbearable suffering, or an eventual, complete loss of awareness. Its opponents challenge it on several ethical grounds, including a slippery slope argument that it is the first step towards compulsory euthanasia (Leon 22). Voluntary euthanasia is the truest and fullest form of euthanasia wherein the individual requests euthanasia either during illness or before, if complete incapacitation is expected (a coma would be an example). Euthanasia in these cases differs from suicide by existing only within the context of the amelioration of suffering in the process of death. Volition must be informed and free (i.e. not under duress from any third party) (Capek, Fox, and Kamakahi 33). Involuntary Euthanasia is what some describe as the killing of a person who has not explicitly requested aid in dying. It is often done when resuscitation is not expected, or after severe brain damage that renders a person incapable of making life decisions. Therefore any euthanasia is not voluntary, but also not involuntary. Famously notable as turning off life-support, this is most often done to patients who are in a Persistent Vegetative State and will probably never recover consciousness (Wickett, Humphy 41). Involuntary eut hanasia is where an individual may distinguish between life and death and may fully realize the difference between them. Any medical killing is involuntary. If, for example, a man knows he is going to experience severe agony, and does not consent to death, euthanasia imposed upon him is ethically and morally, if not legally, classed as murder. In Nazi Germany the term euthanasia (Euthanasie) referred to the systematic killing of disabled children and adults. This has tainted the word in German-speaking countries; the alternate term is Sterbehilfe, which means help to die. Any time that medical personnel determine on behalf of a sentient and responsible individual that his or her life is not worth living, the medical killing of such a person as it is considered to be done for the prevention of suffering is involuntary euthanasia. This is not to be confused with medical killing in cases of capital punishment or as part of genocide (Robinson). Proponents of euthanasia argue that only patients can determine when suffering makes life worse than death and that such persons can and should be allowed to make the decision. Some also argue that terminally ill patients are respected more by having their suffering end than by being kept alive against their will. Additionally, a utilitarian argument can be made about the harms to the whole of maintaining the individual beyond viability (Yount 42). They also believe that people should have control over their own bodies and that complete prohibition on assisted death excessively limits personal liberty. If a person is competent, they should have right to choose death (End of Life Choices). The second type of argument against euthanasia is that it is not prudent to advocate it; that is, eventually we all may be suffering, and if we think ahead, we may think it better if the doctors on whom we depend are not tempted to perform euthanasia. Euthanasia is inherently less complex than palli ative care, and training for euthanasia does not qualify a physician to estimate a patients response to palliation (Robinson). Like all medical procedures, euthanasia can fail, or bring additional suffering (Capek, Fox, and Kamakahi 52). Some claim that if euthanasia were allowed, doctors might press people into euthanasia to reduce medical costs. Many people believe that saving medical costs is a coercive argument that should disqualify a person from giving free consent (Robinson). Many doctors argue against euthanasia, as providing death is antithetical to their primary function and training. The Hippocratic oath that all doctors take states, I will not administer poison to anyone where asked, and Be of benefit, or at least do no harm.. If, some have argued, a doctor is trained both to cure and kill, then he or she is being told always to judge when to kill, and his or her best efforts at saving life will not be expended (Leon 28). Many religious people are said to object to eutha nasia. Christians believe that ones life is derived from God and it is Gods to take, and destroying it is an offense to God (Wickett and Humphry 56) Further, in most Western nations the prohibition on killing is considered a moral absolute that cannot be conditioned by ethical concerns (Yount 47). Recycling EssayCriticism of Dr. Kevorkian has also been heavy. Some critics categorically oppose the terminally ill (or those in constant pain) taking their own lives (Robinson). Beyond these criticisms, critics have stated that Dr. Kevorkian has primarily practiced as a pathologist, has relatively little experience with live patients, has had all his licenses to practice medicine revoked, and in the end is not equipped to evaluate whether a prospective client is clinically depressed and therefore, according to accepted medical (and legal) thought, incapable of deciding to end his or her life (Wickett and Humphry 98). Terri Schiavo is a severely brain damaged American woman whose husbands efforts to remove her feeding tube and forbid anyone from attempting to feed her by mouth have prompted a fierce debate over euthanasia, guardianship, and the rights of the disabled (Lipper). On March 18, 2005, her feeding tube was removed for the third time (Stacy). Michael Schiavo, Terri Schiavos husband, is her legal guardian. He contends that Terri is in a persistent vegetative state and that he is carrying out her wishes to not be kept alive in that state (Stacy). Terri Schiavos family contests both of Michaels claims. They say she is responsive and in no discomfort, that her condition does not meet the medical definition of vegetative, and that she would not wish to die. They also contend that Terri was a victim of domestic violence, both before and after her injury, and that Michael does not have her best interests at heart. They seek to revoke his legal guardianship of Terri, arguing, among other things, that his living with another woman since 1995, with whom he has two children, makes him legally estranged from her (Lipper). Although the courts that have heard this case have generally sided with Michael Schiavo, her family has vigorously appealed the courts decisions and sought to prevent her death (Lipper). The ACLU has joined the legal battle, siding with Michael Schiavo, but numerous disability rights organizations, religious organizations, the Florida legislature, the Vatican, and both houses of the United States Congress have joined the legal battle, siding with Terris family (Lipper). Republican congressmen Dennis Hastert, Tom DeLay, and Tom Davis opened a congressional inquiry of the House Government Reform Committee, to take place in Clearwater on March 25, and issued subpoenas for Terri, Michael, and several hospice workers. According to the lawmakers, harming Schiavo or preventing her from appearing at the hearings would be a violation of federal law, and thus they would be forced to keep her alive until the court date. The judge said he saw no reason to change his earlier permission allowing S chiavos husband to remove her feeding tube. Judge Greer defied the congressional subpoenas, and letting the order stand which gave Michael Schiavo permission to remove Terris feeding tube (Stacy). However, on March 19, 2005, congressional leaders announced that they were drafting a bill that would order the reinsertion of Schiavos feeding tube and allow a federal court to review the case. If passed, President Bush plans to sign it (Stacy). Works Cited Capek, Stella M., Elaine Fox, and Jeffrey J. Kamakahi. Come Lovely and Soothing Death: The Right to Die Movement in the United States. New York: Twayne, n.d. End of Life Choices: Compassion, Dignity, and Control. 2004. End-of-Life Choices/Compassion In Dying: Compassion Choices . . Euthanasia. Ed. Lisa Yount. San Diego: Greenhaven P, Inc., 2002. Humphry, Derek. Eugene: Hemlock Society, 1991. Lipper, Tamara. Between Life and Death: Behind the unprecedented showdown over one womans fate.. 2005. Newsweek. . Robinson, B.A.. Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide. 02 Sept. 2004. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. . Stacy, Mitch. Schiavo Kin Wants Feeding Tube Reinserted. 20 Mar. 2005. MSNBC Wire Services, The Associated Press. . The Ethics of Euthanasia. Ed. Daniel A. Leone. San Diego: Greenhaven P, Inc., 1999. Wickett, Ann, and Derek Humphry . The Right To Die: Understanding Euthanasia. New York: Harper and Row, 1986.

Best Books for Kids and Adults Interested in Greek Mythology

Best Books for Kids and Adults Interested in Greek Mythology Which are the best sources for readers interested in the Greek myths and the history behind them? Here are suggestions for people of varying ages and levels of knowledge. Greek Myths for Young People For young people, a wonderful resource is the lovely, illustrated Daulaires Book of Greek Myths. There are also online, out of copyright, and therefore somewhat old-fashioned versions of the Greek myths written for young people, including Nathaniel Hawthornes popular Tanglewood Tales, Padraic Colums story of the Golden Fleece, which is one of the central episodes in Greek mythology, and Charles Kingsleys The Heroes, or Greek Fairy Tales for My Children. Anthologies of Greek myths that are appropriate for children include Tales of the Greek Heroes: Retold From the Ancient Authors, by Roger Lancelyn Green.  Black Ships Before Troy: The Story of the Iliad, by Rosemary Sutcliff, is a good introduction to Homer and the tale of Troy that is so central to any study of ancient Greece. Reading for Adults With Limited Knowledge of Greek Myths For somewhat older people who are curious about the stories and real-life history related to Greek myths, a good choice is Thomas Bulfinchs The Age of Fable or Stories of Gods and Heroes coupled with Ovids Metamorphoses. Bulfinch is widely available, including online, and the stories entertain as well as explain, with the caveat that he prefers Roman names like Jupiter and Proserpine to Zeus and Persephone; his approach is all explained in the introduction. Ovids work is a classic that ties together so many stories as to be somewhat overwhelming, which is why it is best read in combination with Bulfinch, who, incidentally, developed many of his stories by translating Ovid. To be truly familiar with Greek mythology, you really should know a good portion of the allusions Ovid makes. For Adults With More Advanced Knowledge For those already familiar with Bulfinch, the next book to pick up is Timothy Gantz Early Greek Myths, although this is a 2-volume reference work, rather than a book to read. If you havent already read The Iliad, The Odyssey, and Hesiods Theogony, those are essentials for Greek mythology. The works of the Greek tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, are also basics; Euripides may be the easiest to digest for modern American readers.

Dream Interpretation and Interpretation Therapy essays

Dream Interpretation and Interpretation Therapy essays Dream Interpretation and Dream Interpretation Therapy There are many facts that are unknown about dreams and their meanings. For centuries, philosophers and scientists have tried to understand the meaning of dreams. They have all been fascinated by the fact that the content of dreams may have meanings relating to ones life. Are dreams just thoughts in peoples minds, or are dreams in fact representations of different areas in peoples lives? Dreams represent many different areas of ones life in physical, emotional, and mental ways. Dreams can relay to people facts about their lives that they are not even aware of. There are also many ways that dreams can help cure different physical, emotional, and mental problems in ones life. This paper will discuss dreams and their meanings, and ways of interpreting a dream using such methods as hypnotherapy and psychoanalysis therapy that can help a person in physical, mental, and emotional ways. The first fact that will be discussed is what dreams are and how they work for people in allowing the person to discover more about himself. Dreams can be defined as a conscious series of images that occur during sleep (Colliers, vol. 8). Dreams are usually very vivid in color and imagery. They reveal to the dreamer different wishes, concerns, and worries that he or she has. Dreams usually reflect every part of who the dreamer is. The content of the persons dream is usually made up according to how old the dreamer is and how educated the he or she is (Colliers, vol. 8). Dreams are not planned out or thought up. The unconscious part of the mind brings out bits and pieces of information in the dreamers mind and places them together. According to Encarta, dreams are almost always visual. Forty to fifty percent of dreams have some form of communication present in them and a very small percentage of dreams give the dreamer the ability to use...

Alzheimers Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alzheimers Disease - Essay Example Alzheimer’s disease is defined as a progressive, degenerative brain disorder manifested by memory loss, impaired thinking, difficulty in finding the right word when speaking, and personality changes and which eventually lead to cases of dementia (Harvard Health Publications, 2009, p. 2). Continual loss of nerve cells and synapses and decreasing levels of neurotransmitters which are crucial to memory, mental functions, and relaying of complex messages to the nerve cells in the body affects not only the cognitive aspect but also the activities of daily living and one’s personality. The prevalence rate of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease is approximately more than five million and by 2050, 11 to 16 million of the American population will be probably diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease; that is, one in eight people ages 65 and above is diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease cause financial and emotional strain to families and is estimated to have caused the nation a $148 billion health costs annually (Lu & Bludau, 2011, 3). When a person was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, it usually takes 8-10 years to death. Because there is no cure or prevention for the disease, it is essential that different warning signs of Alzheimer’s disease are noted in order to prompt early diagnosis and care and to temporarily stabilize or delay worsening of symptoms through drug interventions. In line with this, the Harvard Health Publications (2009) identified seven warning signs of Alzheimer’s disease, which includes: trouble remembering things starting from short-term memory such as a new acquaintance then progressing to loss of long-term memory such as recognition of family members; mood or personality changes (very angry to sad, socially-outgoing to withdrawn, and signs of depression); trouble completing ordinary tasks such as simple tooth brushing; difficulty expressing thoughts particularly in language (e.g. ringer for telephone); impaired judgments such as inability to balance a checkbook; di sorientation manifested by losing track of date and time; and unusual behavior like wandering in the community (p. 3).

Humanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Humanism - Essay Example In contrast to the medieval humanists, the scholars of the new Humanist culture greatly popularized learning, because they focused on the way people describe the world rather than on its reality, and they are known as nominalists. They denied the existence or the knowability of the universal forms that supposedly make up the world It is important to comprehend the late medieval mystic and pious revivals as partly a reaction to the late medieval church hierarchy and the disorder of the church. These revivals as well as the ill-fated movements of doctrinal reform were characterized by lay mysticism and piety, female piety, the mystics, brethren of the common life, the Lollards etc. Therefore, the late medieval mystic and pious revivals reflected the widespread dissatisfaction with official teachings in the late 1300s and 1400s. Mysticism, or the interior sense of the direct presence and love of God, was an important consequence of the late medieval mystic and pious revivals, and it was illustrated by confraternities, or the religious guilds founded for laypersons. "The growth of lay piety was, in essence, an effort to give everyone access to forms of faith that hitherto had been restricted to a spiritual elite. Frightened by the disasters of the age, people hungered for emotional reassurance, for evidence of Go d's love and redeeming grace within themselves." (Tradition and Change in Europe Culture, 1300-1500).

Transsexualism Case Essay Example for Free

Transsexualism Case Essay Introduction Transsexualism deals with the basic features for the identification of human gender. This aspect has not received much understanding. Popular media has not shown the clear image of transsexualism and stories about the possibility for the occurrence of changes in sex has been explained in a very sensational way. These stories have led people towards the misconception about transsexualism and they do not know what the term ‘transsexualism’ really means. The term ‘transsexualism’ refers to the condition of a person in which a person’s psychological sex is quite different from the physiological sex of that person. Such people think that their soul has been put in the wrong gender body (Butler, 2001). This paper provides information about transsexualism, reality and myths about transsexualism, possible causes of transsexualism, treatment of transsexualism, social, legal and economic implications of transsexualism. What Does Transsexualism Mean? It is very important to understand few terms before the detailed explanation of transsexualism. People usually consider the terms gender and sex as the same concept but in fact they are quite different from each other. The term ‘sex’ provides information about the type of genital organs of a person. Thus this term is specific with the anatomical sex of a person. The term ‘gender’ explains how a person determines himself/herself in terms of female, male or others. The two terms are considered as one by a large number of people because majority of the people think about their gender that is in accordance with their anatomical sex. Anatomical sex has been explained to a greater extent as compared to gender. Some people get confused when they are asked to explain their gender as they do not consider them as a clear male or a clear female. There are two further terms that arise from the term ‘gender’. ‘Gender identity’ shows how a person experience and percept internally about his or her gender. ‘Gender role’ determines how a person spends his or her life in society and how he or she socializes that is dependent on the gender identity of that person (Campbell, 2001). Reality of Transsexualism Transsexualism is a condition in which a person does not like his or her genital sex and feels highly uncomfortable with it. Such feelings are long lasting. Such persons want their genital sex to be opposite of their actual genital sex. They feel that they would live a better and comfortable life with the genital sex opposite to their actual one. They want this change to be on permanent basis. A large number of people consider transsexualism as a psychiatric problem but it has been found that in reality a female body may have a male brain or vice versa. A psychiatrist consultant is assigned to make sure that the person who claims to be a transsexual and wants to change his or her genital sex is indeed a real transsexual. It is also determined that whether the person wishing to change his or her genital sex is mentally stable to cope up with the new gender in the society. Transgenderists is another term that is used by people who feel that their genital sex is not according to their gender and they wish to live their life the way that is opposite to their genital sex. Such people do not go through the process of genital surgery. Myths about Transsexualism Transsexualism is often misunderstood with some conditions that have some common points among them. Transvertism: People in this condition do not wish to change their genital sex though they often get dressed as the opposite sex. Homosexuals and Bisexuals: Such people do not wish to have the sex opposite to their actual genital sex. They attract same sex people. Hermaphrodites: Hermaphroditism is a condition which is very rare. In this condition, the person does not wish to change his or her genital sex neither he nor she considers himself or herself as a person with a gender that is opposite to his or her actual genital sex. Such people have genital sex organs that are not completely developed either in males or females. There is no mismatch of their body with their mind. They just have a body that is strongly intersexed (Elliot, 2001). Possible Causes of Transsexualism Unusual combinations in chromosomes lead to transsexualism though the possibility is 1 in 400. The chromosomes of transsexuals are not standard karyotype like standard karyotype of male (XY) and standard karyotype of female (XX). This is due to some confusion in the hormones when the development of fetus was taking place. Chemicals are another cause for the occurrence of transsexualism. Transsexualism may occur when a woman takes oral contraceptives without knowing that she has already conceived. Some drugs are also responsible for transsexualism when the drugs were given to pregnant women. The most common drug in this regard is diethylstilboestrol. Hormonal disturbance due to oral contraceptives or drugs lead to the birth of transsexual babies. There are some chemical pollutants responsible for the occurrence of transsexualism. Such chemical pollutants are man-made. Some of them are dibenzodioxins and polychlorobiphenyls that are found to bring disruption in androgen and / or estrogen receptors. Transsexualism may also occur without any biochemical reason. Sometimes, transsexualism occurs due to the anemic expectant mother. Sometimes, sufficient amount of nourishment is not received by the fetus, or sometimes sufficient quantity of material hormones become the cause of transsexualism when these hormones result in the disruption of the development of fetus by crossing the placenta in a large quantity. The gender and brain sex of the fetus can not be changed once pregnancy has passed the relevant stage. The brain can never be changed even when some changes may happen in the body due to the alteration in hormones. For this reason, the transsexuals undergo surgery to change their genital sex to match their gender as the brain had been developed (Heyes, 2000). Treatment of Transsexualism Sex reassignment therapy is the only effective treatment of transsexuals. No psychological treatment has been found effective enough for transsexual people. The mental health of transsexual people determines the extent to which the sex reassignment therapy is required. Transsexuals that are suffering from severe anxiety, depression, addictions of different types and possessing suicidal behavior often get much relieved from their problems when they go through the sex reassignment therapy. Gender identity disorder is the way to diagnose transsexualism among people who are ready to be treated psychologically. Transsexual people must have to go through psychological treatment before the sex reassignment therapy. Once they get the label of gender identity disorder, the rest of the way towards the sex reassignment therapy becomes easier for them. There may be some people who have been found with gender identity disorder but they do not wish to change their genital sex. Transsexuals usually do not prefer to undergo psychological treatment as they consider their desire of the sex reassignment therapy as their physical need (Hird, 2000). Social, Legal and Economic Implications of Transsexualism Transsexual people usually face harassment and assault when people around them come to know about their history. Transsexuals prefer to quit their previous job and leave their social circles after the sex reassignment therapy and they start living their life from the scratch. By doing so, they think that no body would ever come to know about their past. Sometimes, the family members and very close friends leave transsexuals after the sex reassignment therapy. The problems of transsexuals become worse when they have to face the legal issues. Such problems vary from country to country. In Britain, transsexuals are not allowed to make any amendment or change in their birth certificate. Where as, in the United States, some state jurisdiction allow transsexuals to make necessary amendments and changes in their birth certificates. They can even replace their original birth certificates with new ones. Other state jurisdictions help transsexuals by sealing their previous records so that their privacy can be maintained. Transsexual people had to face economic crisis after the sex reassignment therapy. They had to quit their previous job as the employers were not at all cooperative with transsexual employees. Now, the situation of economic issues for transsexuals varies from country to country. In the United States, anti-discrimination laws have been passed in California for protecting transsexual employees. The employers are forced to treat their transsexual employees equally. They cannot be terminated (Butler, 2001). Conclusion Transsexualism is a medical reality and it should not be treated psychologically. Transsexuals should be allowed to decide whether they want to go through psychiatric treatment. They should be treated as normal humans socially, legally and economically. References Butler, Judith. (2001). Doing Justice to Someone: Sex Reassignment and Allegories of Transsexuality. GLQ 7, no. 4: 621-36. Campbell, Carolyn. (2001). Transversing across the Genders. Transgender Tapestry 94: 63-68. Elliot, Patricia. (2001). A Psychoanalytic Reading of Transsexual Embodiment. Studies in Gender and Sexuality 2, no. 4: 295-325. Heyes, Cressida. (2000). Reading Transgender, Rethinking Womens Studies. NWSA Journal 12, no. 2: 170-80. Hird, Myra. (2000). Genders Nature: Intersexuality, Transsexualism and the Sex/Gender Binary. Feminist Theory: An International Interdisciplinary journal 1, no. 3.

Drug Trafficking and the Financing of Terrorism Essay -- International

"International and Domestic Terrorism Organizations and their supporters engage in a myriad of crimes to fund and facilitate terrorist activities. These crimes include extortion, kidnaping, robbery, corruption, alien smuggling, document fraud, arms trafficking, cyber crime, white collar crime, smuggling of contraband, money laundering and certainly drug trafficking." -- Steven C. McCraw, Assistant Director, Office of Intelligence, FBI, May 20, 2003 In 2002, the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy spent more than three million dollars to buy two commercials for the Super Bowl (Bovard). One of the commercials viewers posed the question of where terrorists get their funding. The answer suggested by that commercial was from buying drugs in the United States (Bovard). Most people in America viewed this as a joke and as an over-exaggeration of the truth. Recreational marijuana users (marijuana is considered a drug) saw no correlation between smoking marijuana and terrorism but more â€Å"hard-core† drug users may be in fact aiding terrorism. A main problem with the commercials put on by the White House was that with all the conflict surrounding Afghanistan and the Taliban government, the general public assumed, or was pushed to assume, that the terrorists responsible for 9/11 were the only terrorists in the world. Terrorist groups exist beyond the Taliban and Al-Qaeda including groups in Columbia, a country renowned for its drug traffic. Most Americans are not well-educated enough on drugs and the so called â€Å"War on Drugs,† not so much due to ignorance but because of a lack of teaching on it. It almost seems as if our leader’s believe in a â€Å"don’t talk about it and it will go away† kind of manner. If America... ...ation’s Fraud. 18 April 2015 . Gray, Mike. Drugs & Terrorism. 2002. NarcoTerror.org. 5 April 2015 . Huang, Reyko. Terroism-Drugs. 2 Nov. 2001. Center for Defense Information. Web 18 April 2015 . McCraw, Steven C. Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Committee. Web 18 April 2015 http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/international-drug-trafficking-and-terrorism Mostert, Mary. Is the Attack on Condi to Cover Up Clinton’s Role in Arming Drug-Dealing Terrorists?. 12 April 2004. Banner of Liberty. 11 May 2015 . Schmid, Hans. The Kurdish Terrorism-and-Drugs Connection. 1995. 24 April 2015 .

Existing Direct Tax System and Proposed Direct Tax Code in India Essay

Tax is defined as a compulsory payment made to the government by the individuals firms and companies without any expectation of a direct return. In general there are two types of tax system prevailing in our country. One is direct tax and other is indirect tax. Here we will restrict our discussion to direct tax only. Direct taxes are those the burden of which cannot be shifted, that is incidence and impact is on the same person. In India the tax law is governed by the finance act. The amendments are brought through budget every year which is issued on the last date of February. There have been various arguments in regard to the complexity of the tax laws. The new tax system which is proposed basically focuses on the principle of equality and simplicity. Instead of having different explanations of tax laws under different umbrellas all the laws will be brought under one head. The new tax system will be highly focused on the matter that the richer should pay heavier tax and vice-versa. For this regard the exemption limit and tax slabs will be expanded higher. Moreover under new taxation laws various taxes like securities transaction tax will also be abolished thus making the code an efficient one. With the new tax code being implemented in India one can expect to have free trade across the length and breadth of the country and peace in the bags of investors. Thus, the new tax system is an attempt to create a system with minimum loopholes of the existing system, thus contributing to the national benefit.

5 Tips for Passing the Bar Exam

Youve successfully made your way through law school and now youre one two-day test, the bar exam, away from becoming a lawyer. The first piece of advice: celebrate your JD quickly and then move on to bar exam prep immediately after graduation. Time is ticking. Here are five more tips to help you pass the bar exam. Sign up for a Bar Review Course You may wonder why after three years of very expensive schooling you are now expected to pay even more money to learn what you thought you were supposed to be learning during law school. But now is not the time for you to worry about the cost of bar exam prep. Be as economical as possible, by all means, but think about what it would mean to you, financially, to fail the bar, face employers without a license to practice law, and have to pay to take the bar exam again. If you are really strapped for cash, there are special bar exam loans available exactly for this purpose. Why sign up for a bar review course? Well, those who take bar review courses have great passage rates for a reason—the course employees study and analyze exams so they know what examiners are likely to test on and what they are looking for in answers; they can steer you to hot topics and train you how to deliver the right answers, and that is what is most important during the bar exam. Yes, you need to know and understand the fundamentals of the main areas of law, but all the legal knowledge in the world wont help if you dont know how to frame your answer as the graders want to read it. Tell Everyone You Know Not to Expect to See You for Two Months Thats a bit of an exaggeration, but not by much. Do not plan on doing anything else during those two months between graduation and the bar exam except study. Yes, you will have nights off and even whole days off here and there, which are essential for relaxing your brain but dont schedule work, planning of family events, or other serious obligations during the two months before the bar exam. Quite simply, the bar exam should be your full-time job during those months of studying; your promotion will come when you get the results that you passed. Make a Studying Schedule and Stick to It Your bar review course will most likely provide you a recommended schedule, and if you manage to abide by it, youll be doing well. The main subjects tested on the bar exam will be the same basic courses you took the first year of law school, so be sure to dedicate huge chunks of time to Contracts, Torts, Constitutional Law, Criminal Law and Procedure, Property, and Civil Procedure. States vary as to the other subjects tested, but by signing up for a bar review course, youll have the inside track on those as well. A very basic bar exam prep study schedule can set aside a week to study each topic, including practice questions. That will leave you two weeks to devote time to trouble areas and to more nuanced areas of law that might be covered on your states bar exam. One tip here on studying: think about making flashcards. In the process of writing them, youll be forced to condense rules of law into short snippets to fit on a card, exactly as youll need to provide them in bar exam essays—and they just might sink into your brain as you write. Take Practice Bar Exams A large part of your preparation time should be spent taking practice bar exams, both multiple choice and essays, under exam-like conditions. You dont need to sit down and take an entire two days every week to take practice bar exams, but be sure you are doing enough multiple choice questions and essays so you have a good feel for the exam structure. Just like when you were preparing for the LSAT, the more comfortable you become with the test and its format, the more youll be able to concentrate on the material and getting the answers correct. Start doing practice questions even as early as the first week of studying; no, you wont get everything right, but if you pay attention to what you got wrong, those principles are likely to stick in your head even more than if you had simply tried to memorize them through studying. And, as an added bonus, if the questions were included in bar prep materials, they are also likely to be similar to those that will appear on the bar exam. Think Positively If you graduated in the top half of your law school class, chances are extremely good that you will pass the bar. If you graduated in the next quartile, the likelihood that youll pass is still pretty good. Why? Because bar exams, no matter what state, test your competence to be a lawyer and not how great a lawyer you will be—and that means you need only earn a solid C on the exam to pass. If youve passed law school, theres no reason you cant pass the bar exam on the first try. This doesnt mean you should rest on your law school accomplishments and assume youll pass, of course. You still need to put the time and effort into learning and applying the materials, but the odds are in your favor that youll pass. Most states have higher than 50% pass rates. Remember those numbers when stress starts setting in. Just remember that it will all be over in mere weeks. With the right bar exam prep, youll never have to go through it again.